![]() Definitive treatment may be found with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The treatment of catatonia often involves the use of benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, that can be used in combination therapy with antipsychotics. Patients taking benzodiazepines or clozapine are also at risk of developing catatonia following the withdrawal of these medications-it is speculated that the prolonged use of these medications increases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity and that discontinuation may increase excitatory neurotransmission, leading to catatonia. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis are also prominent causes of catatonia. Schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders such as mania and depression are known to be associated with catatonia however, several case reports have been published of certain medical conditions inducing catatonia, including hyponatremia, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and liver transplantation. ![]() Catatonia is a syndrome that has been associated with several mental illness disorders but that has also presented as a result of other medical conditions. ![]()
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